What Is OOPs Concept In Python

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We all know that Python is a high-level interpreted language, but it’s powerful for real-world applications because of its Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) support.

This article is especially written for Python beginners who don’t know about the OOP concept in Python. We will cover topics like:

  1. What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
  2. Why Use OOP in Python?
  3. The Four Pillars of OOP in Python
  4. Simple Example of OOP in Python
  5. Advantages of OOP in Python
  6. Conclusion

What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

Object-Oriented Programming is based on objects, which represent real-world entities. OOP allows us to write bundled data and methods in a single unit class, instead of writing separate functions and variables.

This method is helpful to manage students, cars, or employees’ data, avoid repetitive code, and build scalable and organised programs.

Why Use OOP in Python?

  • OOP concept is widely used to create programs modular (like divided into smaller and manageable parts).
  • It supports code reusability through inheritance.
  • It improves data security by its encapsulation method.
  • This concept creates structured classes and objects that simplify complex project management.

Now, we will learn all the methods in detail, so keep learning and enhance your ability in OOP concepts.

The Four Pillars of OOP in Python

OOP has four main principles that are used in programming.

1) Encapsulation

Encapsulation is like a capsule in medicine that hides the internal details of an object and shows only necessary parts to the users.

Python uses it differently. For example, public attributes can be accessed everywhere, protected attributes (marked with a single underscore _), and private attributes (marked with a double underscore __), which make them harder to access directly.

In simple terms, Encapsulation protects sensitive data and ensures that the object’s state can change in a controlled manner.

2) Inheritance

Inheritance allows a child class to reuse the properties and methods of the parent class, and this method avoids rewriting the same code multiple times.

For example, you have a parent class Vehicle with speed and color attributes, and the child classes car and bike can inherit these attributes and add their features.

This concept is useful for code reusability and hierarchy building, which is essential in large applications.

3) Polymorphism

Polymorphism means “many forms”. It allows us to use the same method (like start() ) for different objects, but each object can perform different actions.

For example:

  • If you call the start() method on a Car object, it starts the engine.
  • If you call the start() method on a Computer object, it turns on the computer.

You can see the method name is the same, and the behaviour changes based on the objects.

This method helps us to write flexible code because you don’t need to create separate method names for every class.

4) Abstraction

Abstraction is hiding the complex implementation details and showing only important features of an object. It is implemented using abstract classes and interfaces to design programs with simple methods, while the complex logic is kept separate.

Simple Example of OOP in Python

See this beginner-friendly example with the use of a class and object:

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def speak(self):
        print(f"{self.name} makes a sound.")

# Creating objects
dog = Animal("Dog")
cat = Animal("Cat")

dog.speak()
cat.speak()

Output:

Dog makes a sound.
Cat makes a sound.

This example shows us how classes can define behavior (speak()) and hold data (name) for each object.

Advantages of OOP in Python

  1. We can write code only time and can use for many times.
  2. Classes help us to break down complex systems into different units.
  3. Encapsulation hides sensitive data and prevents unauthorised access.
  4. Polymorphism allows generic code and adapts to different objects.
  5. We can easily manage large projects with the OOP concepts.

Conclusion

Understanding OOP concepts in Python is essential for anyone who wants to build real-world, scalable, and maintainable applications. You can write clean, efficient, and even easier to extend and debug code by its four pillars.

OOP provides the structure and reusability that every developer needs in 2025 to build a web application, data processing tool, or game engine.

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